There are many curriculum designs that
curriculum developers can consider to apply in their contexts of operation. In this
article, three major curriculum designs namely subject matter design, specific
competencies design and human traits design. Subject matter design focuses on ordered
structure of the subject matter or knowledge from discipline to subjects, grades
and periods which are marked as first terms, first quarter and so on. Specific
competencies design focuses performance or competencies of the learners while
human traits design is related to developing traits which will be demonstrated
by learners (Saylor, Alexander and Lewis, 1981).
The aim in subject matter design is to enable
the learners to become self-propelled into an educative process. They will
understand the structure of the knowledge of a discipline. In specific
competencies design, the aim is to enable the learners learn to modify their behaviours
or performance in an assigned task. On the other hand, in human traits design,
aim is to develop human traits involving values. The content in subject matter
discipline design includes the knowledge extracted from that discipline which
is derived from accumulated wisdom of experts.
In specific competencies design, content is a specific, sequential and
demonstrable tasks, activities or skills including the actions to be learned
and performed. In human traits design, content may be the experiences where the
learners have opportunities to feel, think, analyze and act about the experiences
regarding traits. Role models may also be content because the students can
learn traits by observing. Instructional strategies which are considered most
useful in subject matter discipline design are discussion, questioning, inquiry
training, lecture and viewing-listening while in specific competencies design,
teaching followed by practice and drill, programmed instruction, role playing,
simulation and games are considered useful strategies. In human traits design,
group investigation, independent learning and role playing are considered as productive
instructional strategies (Saylor, Alexander and Lewis, 1981).
The teacher is a mediator between instruction
and learner in subject matter design. In specific competencies designs, the teacher is
the facilitator providing efficient means of communication and learning while the
teacher is role model in human traits design having human traits such as open
mindedness, critical thinking. The learner
is active and self-willed by nature in subject matter design, in specific
competencies design, the learner is a trainee because competencies are learnt in
guided training and the learner is discoverer in human traits design.
The topics such as kinematics, dynamics,
energy, electricity and matter in selected content by Sindh Textbook Board
Pakistan for physic curriculum at secondary school level need to be learned in
terms of knowledge. The learners need to know the definitions and explanations of
terms to understand concepts. For example, rest and motion, gravity, force, statics,
electric field, Brownian motion, and pressure are the concepts which provide
knowledge about the discipline of physics. Therefore, subject matter discipline
design is appropriate for learning the mentioned topics.
Specific competencies design is appropriate
for learning such concepts which dominantly develop competencies among the
students by working on learning tasks. The selected content in physics
curriculum contains such topics which dominantly enable learners learn
competencies. For example, measurement of length, mass, time and liquids by
using instruments develop competencies of the learners. Simple machines also
need students’ competencies of handling them. In the unit of light, ray
diagrams are used to find the nature and position of images by spherical
mirrors and lenses. Also electronics and electromagnets and their application
in electric bells, telephone, and mobiles involve students’ competencies or performance.
Human traits design is appropriate for
learning such topics which develop traits among the students. Some topics in
selected content for physics curriculum at secondary level are suitable to
develop human traits in students. For example, heat, waves and sounds and
nuclear physics are such topics which can be used to develop human traits among
the students by assigning group tasks and projects. In the unit of heat, the
students may be assigned group work in laboratory to discover the ways of
transfer of heat where the students will think, feel, perform activities and
analyze the ways. The students may be assigned individual tasks to find the
relationships between waves and sound, where they consult literature, search
internet which will develop their critical thinking skills. In the unit of nuclear
physic, the students may be given with a project to cooperatively conduct an
inquiry regarding phenomena of nuclear physics which will develop traits
“effective working with others” and “problem solving” among the students.
Reference
Saylor, J. G., Alexender,W.
M., & Lewis, A. J. (1981). Curriculum planning for better teaching and learning (4th
ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
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